1. What is the
importance of interpersonal skills?
Some of the good interpersonal skills includes are collaboration, active listening, problem solving, empathy, patience, leadership, adaptability, etc. It is important in each and every phase of our life.
Below is the importance of
interpersonal skills:
a.
It helps to
understand and know other people.
b.
It helps to
motivate and encourage other people.
c.
It helps to
exchange the information, ideas and feelings between two or more people more
efficiently.
d.
It helps to watch
and react accordingly by just looking over non-verbal cues.
e.
It helps to find
the solution of problems easily.
f.
It helps to find
the solution of problems easily.
g.
It enriches the
ability to work well in a tea, or group or other people.
h.
It enlightens how
confident and courageous you are.
i.
It helps you to
become a leader, a successor and a strong communicator.
j.
It generates
positive attitude towards yourself and other.
k. It helps you to penetrate in the changing environment more easily
There are so many importance
of interpersonal skills, of all some are mentioned above. Interpersonal skills
are very important to each on of us.
2. What do managers do in terms of functions, roles and skills?
Answer: Manager is a person who directly support, supervise more than one people within the organization and help activate the work efforts and performance accomplishment of the all level of employees/ staffs below him/her.
Managers do following in terms of Function:
The main function of manager is planning, organizing, leading and controlling.
i.
Planning:
Planning is the first tool of the function of the manager. The capacity and
knowledge of manager through how the planning procedure is.
The steps of planning are:
-
Develop the goal.
-
Develop the tasks
to meet these goal.
-
Determine the
resources that are required to implement the tasks.
-
Create a time
boundary.
-
Determine the
assessment method.
-
Finalize the
plan.
- And distribute the plan to all involved in the process.
Manager should make the concrete plan and act accordingly.
ii.
Organizing: It is
the second tool of the function of the manager. In this function, manager
should organize all the required resources well before implementing the plan.
It is the process of arranging and structuring work to accomplish the goals.
iii.
Leading: It is
the process of implementing the plan by activating the employees through
communication, motivation, leadership and supervision inorder to achieve the
set objective.
iv. Controlling: In this step, manager monitor the activities of the employee to ensure that they are doing according to the established plan, compare the activities with the pre-set standards and take corrective action for the deviation.
Managers do following in terms of roles:
The manager is like a tree; he has many branches i.e. he has many roles to fulfill. He is not only a team leader but also a planner, organizer, controller, problem solver, motivator, decision maker, etc. According to Henry Mintzberg there are 10 kinds of specific roles of manager which are listed below:
a.
Interpersonal
roles: This role provide information and ideas.
-
Figurehead: This
explains that manager has social, ceremonial and legal responsibilities. He is
a inspiration to his employees.
-
Leader: Manager
is a leader, he provides leadership for his team and the whole organization.
- Liaison: Manager on the behalf of his organization should able to communicate with internal and external contacts effectively.
b. Informational roles: This role involve processing information.
-
Monitor: Manager
monitors his team for their productivity and well- being.
-
Disseminator:
Manager provide useful information to his colleagues and his team when needed.
- Spokesperson: Manager is someone who help the organization to flourish or destroy. So, he is responsible for transmitting information about his organization about his organization and its goals to the people outside it.
c. Decisional roles: This role involves using information.
-
Entrepreneur:
Manager is one who create and control the change in the organization. It have
to solve the problem, generate new ideas and implement them when required.
-
Disturbance
Handler: Manager have to take charge when an organization or team hits an
unexpected path.
-
Resource
allocator: Manager should determine where the resources are best used in the
organizational task.
- Negotiator: Manager may need to take part in and direct, important negotiation with his team or department or organization.
Managers do following in terms of skills:
The required important skills of manager are given below:
a.
Technical skills:
Manager require technical skills to accomplish or understand the specific kind
of work/ task being done in the organization.
b.
Human skills:
Manager should have human skills in order to interact with people both inside
and outside the organization. He also need human skills to motivate his team,
to work with suppliers, customers, investors and other outside of organization.
c.
Conceptual
skills: It is the ability of manager to think in the abstract. Manager should
understand the overall working of the organization and its environment and
think strategically and make the right decision that serve overall
organization.
3. Why is it important to complement intuition with systematic study?
Answer: Intuition is the
ability to have a hold on a situation or information without the need for
conscious reasoning. It is a “gut feelings”, individual observation and a
common sense. Whereas, Systematic study is based on scientific evidence, facts,
figures, data gathered under controlled conditions and measured in a reasonably
rigorous manner.
It is important to complement
intuition with systematic study because without the implementation of
systematic study, the use of intuition with result errorness prediction.
Intuition along with systematic study helps to bring the possible accurate
predictions.
4. Explain the
OB Model covering the three levels of analysis.
Answer: The OB Model that covers the three levels of analysis are:
a.
Individual level:
At the individual level of analysis, OB studies the individual behavior and
characteristics of employees as well as thought processes that are attributed
to them like motivation, personalities, attitudes, perception, learning, belief
and values. At this level, OB draws heavily upon psychology, engineering and
medicine.
b.
Group level: At
the group level of analysis, OB involves the study of how group interacts with
each other, how they work, what types of tasks the groups are preforming, how
does leadership influence to the group, etc. At this level, OB draws
sociological and socio-psychological sciences.
c.
Organization
system level: At the organization system level of analysis, OB involves the
study of organization culture, structure, cultural diversity, inter-organizational
cooperation and conflict, change, technology and external environmental forces.
At this level, OB draws upon anthropology and political science.
5. Explain the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB.
Answer: The major behavioral science disciplines that contribute OB are as follows:
i.
Psychology: It is
the science that measure, explain and sometimes change the behavior of human
and other animals.
This
area of study contributes to OB are:
-
Learning,
personality, emotions, motivation, perception
-
Training,
leadership effectiveness, job satisfaction
-
Individual
decision making, performance appraisal, attitude measurement
-
Employee
selection, work design and work stress
ii.
Social
Psychology: This discipline blends both the concepts from psychology and
sociology i.e. it focuses on the influence of the people on the another.
This area of study contributes to OB as:
-
Behavioral change
-
Attitude change
-
Communication
-
Group processes
-
Group decision
making
iii.
Sociology: It
studies the relationship between individuals and their environment. It studies
the impact of culture on group behavior.
The major contribution areas of sociology are group dynamics, communication, power, conflicts, culture, norms, roles, studies, socialization, etc.
iv.
Anthropology: It
studies society to learn about human being and their activities. It helps in
understanding the difference between different groups in terms of their values,
attitudes and behaviors.
6. Why the study of OB is essential for all managers? Explain with its managerial implications.
Answers: The study of OB is essential for all managers because:
a.
OB helps the
managers to understand the relationship between an organization and its
employee.
b.
With the
knowledge of OB, manager know the effective utilization of Human resources.
c.
Managers to
better understand their employee OB helps and motivate them.
d.
OB helps in
understanding the cause of problem, predict the future and control the
consequences.
e.
It helps to
predict human behavior.
f.
OB helps in
enhancing managerial skills.
g.
It helps
empowering people and create a positive working environment.
h.
It creates an
ethically healthy work environment.
i.
It helps in
valuing work force diversity.
7. What are the emerging trends in OB and how these trends offer opportunities or pose threats to the managers in Nepal.
Answer: The emerging trends in organizational behavior are:
a.
Globalization
b.
Emerging
employment relationship
c.
Changing
workforce
d.
Knowledge
management
e. Information technology
a.
Globalization: In
recent days, organization has changed the style of working and tries to spread
worldwide i.e. becoming global. The way organization integrate their business
practices with other countries has also changed. Instead of controlling the
supply chain countries outsource some part of it to gain advantage of
specialization. Globalization is both opportunity and threats to the managers
in Nepal. As an opportunity and threats to the managers in Nepal. As an
opportunity: Manager can expand their business in other country also as well as
his business which explore the international market. As a threat: Manager have
to think precisely about their national market inorder not to destroy its
national market.
b. Emerging employment relationship: Changing trends in organizations in recent years have made it important to consider some of the emerging employee relations issues which can affect employers in the coming decade. Understanding these issues will help management to plan better and respond to changes in the organization. Management now has entered the upward communication and participation of lower level employees in the decision making process.
c. Changing workforce: The demographic of the workforce has changed in the recent years due to the factors like aging population, labor shortages, immigration and changes in the attitudes of workers. So, employers may have to take on less skilled workers initially and develop them, rather than hiring experienced people. One can hire employee from overseas also.
d.
Knowledge
management: It is a structured activity that improves an organization’s
capacity to acquire, share and utilize knowledge for its survival and success.
Decision we make and action we take both are enabled by knowledge of some type.
Hence, to improve quality of these actions and decisions is important to
understand the process of knowledge management.
e. Information technology: The prominence of IT has grown many folds in recent years. The innovation in IT has opened new ways for conducting business that are different from the past. Frequent sessions to change management can help employees understand, use and adopt new technologies easily.
8. OB system
has input-processing-output and feedback components. Explain.
Answer: Organization behavior system consists of following interacting and interrelated components:
a.
Input: It
provides stimulus to behavior. It consists of various variables at individual,
group and organization level. They can be:
- Individual variables which relates to individual
differences in employees. It can be personal characteristics like age, gender
and marital status, values, attitudes, etc.
- Group variables: It is concerned with role, status,
norms, size, composition and cohesiveness.
- Organization system variable: It is concerned with the structure and working culture of an organization.
b.
Processing: It is
concerned with adding value to the input. The processing to OB system are:
-
Individual level
processing: Perception, learning, motivation, decision making.
-
Group level
processing: Communication, leadership, power and politics, conflicts, team
work.
-
Organization
system level processing: HR policies and practices, organizational development.
c.
Output: Outputs
are the behavioral consequences. It is concerned with job satisfaction,
organizational citizenship, higher productivity and low turnover.
d.
Feedback: It
provides information to redesign OB inputs and processing to achieve the
desired behavioral consequences in the system.