Decomposition or
sources of high-power money (H) with the help of the balance sheet identity of
the central bank.
High-power money (H) is the currency (notes, coins) produced by the
central bank that consists of the currency (C) held by people in their hands or
pockets, total cash reserve (R) of BFIs and other deposits of government,
government enterprises and foreign offices (OD) with the central bank.
i.e H = C + R + OD
It is called high-powered money as on the basis of
which all BFIs create money in the form of demand deposits (DD) under the
credit creation process (CC).
There are many sources of (H) that can be decomposed
with the help of the balance sheet identity of the central bank
i.e Total assets = Total liabilities
ML
+ NML = FA + OPA
ML
= FA – NML + OPA
ML
= FA – (NML - OPA)
ML
= FA – NNML
Where,
ML = Monetary liabilities
NML = Non-monetary liabilities
OPA = other physical assets
FA = Financial assets
NNML = Net non-monetary liabilities
H = High-powered money or High power money
It shows that change in H depends upon the change in
ML whereas change in ML depends upon either change in FA or change in NNML.
Similarly, change in FA is determined by the change in total economic
transactions of the central bank with five different sectors like foreign
sector, government enterprises, BFIs and private sectors. So the change in FA
depends upon the change in NFAR of the central bank, net credit to government,
credit to the government enterprise, credit to the BFIs and credit to the
private sector (specially its employee).
i.e FA = NFAR + NCG,
where, NFAR = net foreign assets reserves
Therefore, H = ML = FA – NNML
H = ML = NFAR + NCG + CAEs + CBIFs + CPS – NNML
a)
NFAR
The aggregate FAR of the central bank is the sum of gold, silver, foreign currencies
foreign financial assets, SDRs (special drawing rights), {SDR is a account
money for foreign transaction for special occasion} IMF reserve tranche
position. The aggregate FAR of central bank is directly and positively related
to the position of balance payment but a part of surplus BOP might be held by
BFIs in their foreign transactions so the,
NFAR = total BOP surplus – FA
NFAR = total BOP surplus – FA
Hence, as NFAR held by the central bank increases
monetary liability of central bank increases and thereby enhance high-powered
money.
b)
NCG
c) CGEs: central
bank provides loan to the government enterprises, enterprises are divided into
different group. Enterprises are financial one and they get loan directly from
central bank and others from commercial bank as, (CGE increase = > MC
increase = > H increase )
d)
CBF is loan as a
bank of the bank i.e. increase in CBFIs = > H
e)
CPS: specially
to its employees, home loan of total salary of 13 years or 18 lakhs, special
loan 1200000 at 1%, vehicle loan/ auto loan 500000, welfare loan 100000, i.e.
as CPS increases = > H increases
f)
NNML is
difference between NML and total monetary value of other physical assets
NML consists of capital resources, employees,
provident fund, pension fund, welfare fund, gold/silver and foreign currency
equalization fund deposits of central bank with IMF with local currency.
Similarly, other physical assets consists of total
monetary value of land, building, furniture, equipment’s, vehicle, non-monetary
gold, non-monetary foreign currency and net credits (outstanding receiving –
outstanding payments). So, if NNML increases with the more monetary liability
OPA, MC of central bank decreases and thereby squeezed H.
If NNMC decreases with less NML over OPL, MC of the
central bank increases thereby enhance H. Therefore, money supply and also the
size of H isn’t exogenously determined by the central bank. It is the combined
economic behavior of central bank, government, government enterprises and also
the private sector.