Lato-kosero

The most widely discussed proposals for reforms budgetary are as follows: 1. Program budgeting, 2. Performance budgeting, 3. Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) and  4. Planning- programming-budgeting system (PPBS) 1. Program budgeting The Second Hoover Commission in the USA by American company in 1952 introduced the term Program Budgeting. According to this budget system, the objectives of budgeting system was focus on the detail information about the program that held in a country. It is a program based budgetary process. Generally, it is taken as the synonyms of the performance budget. In the program budgeting, the budget has made by a framework of performance to attain a particular objective which means there is no overlapping of objective. The process of program budgeting is shown by the following chart: Output   =====>> Activities  =====>> Input  · Program budgeting provides a more useful basis for eva...

Labor Intensive Technique  In simple words labour intensive technique is that which uses comparatively larger amount of labour and small doses of capital. It is that technique by which more of labour and less of capital is required for the process of production. However, it can be defined as one in which a large amount of labour is combined with a smaller amount of capital. According to Prof. Myint,”labour intensive methods of production are those that require a large quantity of labour with a given unit of capital. ” With this method of production, it is possible to raise output by using the same amount of capital but greater amount of labour.  This technique fulfills two objectives of capital formation and skill. It raises agriculture production through the use of minor irrigation, better seeds, manure, implements and the introduction of short duration crops. Labour intensive technique has been illustrated with the help of diagram. In this diagramme, iso...